{"id":317,"date":"2018-05-02T20:18:51","date_gmt":"2018-05-02T20:18:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/?post_type=ht_kb&#038;p=317"},"modified":"2025-05-29T13:46:57","modified_gmt":"2025-05-29T13:46:57","slug":"working-with-channels-pipes","status":"publish","type":"ht_kb","link":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/knowledge-base\/working-with-channels-pipes\/","title":{"rendered":"Working With Channels &#038; Pipes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>This task allows you to model single open channels and closed pipe sections, with a variety of shapes and configurations. Quickly find the full-flow capacity as well as other flows through a range of depths. It provides graphs, grid-style numerical outputs, a rating table and formal printed reports. Studio Express also includes the ability to design channel widths, pipe spans and diameters based on a single known Q.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>An open channel is defined as a conduit for flow which has a free exposed surface. They typically include channels, streams, natural or man made or highway gutters and ditches. When water flows in a uniform channel it ultimately reaches and maintains a constant velocity and depth called Normal depth. The energy grade line (EGL) parallels the water surface (hydraulic grade line) because the energy loss is exactly compensated for by gravity. Studio Express uses Manning\u2019s equation to compute Normal depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>At normal depth, the slope of the invert of the channel or pipe is equal to the slope of the EGL&#8230; the S term in Manning&#8217;s Eq.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The following channel shapes are available:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Rectangular<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Triangular<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Trapezoidal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>User-defined (Enter user-defined station, elevation points)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Parabolic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The following pipe shapes are available:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Circular<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rectangular<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elliptical<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Arch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It is assumed that these channels and pipes are uniform, have a constant shape, slope and flow rate. <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/knowledge-base\/mannings-n-values\/\">N-values<\/a> are constant but can vary across User-defined sections. Studio Express quickly calculates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A rating table of Q vs. Normal depth based on a range of flow rates<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Normal depth from a single known Q<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flow from a user-defined depth<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"860\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/TrapezoidalChannel.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-329\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/TrapezoidalChannel.jpg 860w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/TrapezoidalChannel-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/TrapezoidalChannel-768x349.jpg 768w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/TrapezoidalChannel-50x23.jpg 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/TrapezoidalChannel-60x27.jpg 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/TrapezoidalChannel-100x45.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 860px) 100vw, 860px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"channel-input-requirements\">Channel &amp; Pipe Input Requirements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The input requirements are designed to be minimal but thorough. To enter data, type in the value or select from a drop-down input box, and press [Enter] or the [Tab] key. Following is a description of those required items. Once the data is input, results are computed by clicking the [Compute] button at the bottom of the input grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data is divided into two categories;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Channel \/ Pipe (physical characteristics)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Discharge (flows)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Following is a description of each. Please note that size inputs for channels will be in feet (meters) while pipe size inputs are in inches (mm).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While entering data for the first time, the canvas will automatically display help diagrams to assist in your data entry and the input grid will show only required data items.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Channel Name<\/strong><br>Optional but it is a recommended input as it is this label that identifies the section on the Channels List and reports.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"channel-data\">Channel \/ Pipe Data<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Section Type<\/strong><br>Select the type of channel or pipe from the drop-down list box or visually select from the Canvas. (Scroll down on the canvas to see all of the available shapes).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1345\" height=\"492\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices.png 1345w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices-300x110.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices-768x281.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices-1024x375.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices-50x18.png 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices-60x22.png 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ChannelPipeChoices-100x37.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1345px) 100vw, 1345px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Inputs needed depend on the channel type selected.&nbsp;Below is a description of all inputs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bottom Width<\/strong><br>Enter the width of the channel bottom in ft (m).<\/p>\n\n\n    \t\t<div class=\"hts-messages hts-messages--info  hts-messages--withtitle  \"   >\r\n    \t\t\t<span class=\"hts-messages__title\">Design it!<\/span>    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\t<p>\r\n    \t\t\t\t\tEnter zero to have Studio Express automatically design this parameter. Only allowed when specifying a single Known Q. Width will be designed using the full depth of the channel.\u00a0    \t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\r\n    \t\t<\/div><!-- \/.ht-shortcodes-messages -->\r\n    \t\t\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Top Width<br><\/strong> Enter the total distance across the top of a Parabolic channel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #595959; cursor: text; font-family: 'Open Sans','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">    \t\t<div class=\"hts-messages hts-messages--info  hts-messages--withtitle  \"   >\r\n    \t\t\t<span class=\"hts-messages__title\">Design it!<\/span>    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\t<p>\r\n    \t\t\t\t\tEnter zero to have Studio Express automatically design this parameter. Only allowed when specifying a single Known Q. Width will be designed using the full depth of the channel.&nbsp;    \t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\r\n    \t\t<\/div><!-- \/.ht-shortcodes-messages -->\r\n    \t\t<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><b><span style=\"font-size: large;\">Side Slope Left &amp; Right (z:1)<br><\/span><\/b> Enter the left and right side slopes, z horizontal to 1 vertical, for the channel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Total Depth<\/strong><br>Enter the total depth of this channel as the distance from the invert to the top.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Diameter<\/strong><br>Enter the diameter of a circular pipe section in inches (mm).<\/p>\n\n\n    \t\t<div class=\"hts-messages hts-messages--info  hts-messages--withtitle  \"   >\r\n    \t\t\t<span class=\"hts-messages__title\">Design it!<\/span>    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\t<p>\r\n    \t\t\t\t\tEnter zero to have Studio Express automatically design this parameter. Only allowed when specifying a single Known Q. It will design the pipe diameter using commercially available pipe sizes and will base the design on full-flow capacity using Manning&#8217;s equation. This may result in pipes flowing partially full.    \t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\r\n    \t\t<\/div><!-- \/.ht-shortcodes-messages -->\r\n    \t\t\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Span<\/strong><br>Enter the span or width of the rectangular, elliptical or arch pipe section in inches (mm).<\/p>\n\n\n    \t\t<div class=\"hts-messages hts-messages--info  hts-messages--withtitle  \"   >\r\n    \t\t\t<span class=\"hts-messages__title\">Design it!<\/span>    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\t<p>\r\n    \t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #595959; cursor: text; font-family: 'Open Sans','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Enter zero to have Studio Express automatically design this parameter. Only allowed when specifying a single Known Q. It will design for full-flow capacity using Manning&#8217;s equation.\u00a0<\/span>    \t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\r\n    \t\t<\/div><!-- \/.ht-shortcodes-messages -->\r\n    \t\t\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Rise<br><\/strong>Enter the rise or height of&nbsp;<span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #595959; cursor: text; font-family: 'Open Sans','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">rectangular, elliptical or arch pipe section in inches (mm). There are no design options for this input.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Invert Elevation<br><\/strong> Enter the elevation of the channel or pipe invert. This will be automatically extracted when using User-defined section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Slope (%)<\/strong><br>Enter the slope of this channel or pipe as a percent, feet (m) \/ 100. No design option.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Manning&#8217;s n-value<\/strong><br>Enter <a href=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/knowledge-base\/mannings-n-values\/\">Manning&#8217;s n-value<\/a> for this section.&nbsp;For User-defined sections, click the [Define] button to open the Sta Elevation input screen where you can enter varying n-values.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">User-Defined Channels<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Studio Express allows you to enter up to 50 station &amp; elevation points to describe a channel section. In addition, each of these points can hold a unique n-value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/culvert-studio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/10\/UserDefinedChannel.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-273\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Enter Station, Elevation points as looking upstream from left to right.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>To use this channel feature, select User-defined as the Section Type from the drop-down list or from the canvas. Next click the [Define] button to open the User Defined Channel screen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/culvert-studio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/10\/UserDefinedChannel.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-276\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A user-defined section is described by entering points containing offset stations, elevations and related n-values. N-values apply between the current point and the previous point. Point No. 1 does not require an n-value. The n-value entered at Point No. 2 describes the roughness between Points 1 and 2. The n-value at Point 3 is the roughness from 2 to 3, and so on. In the table shown above, the n-value between Station 15 and 20 is 0.050.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Station<\/strong><br>Enter the station for this point from the leftmost side as looking upstream. This is the distance from a baseline. Zero is suggested for Point No. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Elevation<\/strong><br>Enter the corresponding elevation for this point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>N-value<\/strong><br>Enter the corresponding roughness coefficient from the previous point up to this point. Always zero for Point No. 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Inserting and Deleting Rows<\/strong><\/em><br>You can insert and delete rows by selecting any row and right-clicking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/culvert-studio\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2017\/10\/InsertDeleteRow.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-235\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Copy and Paste Data<\/strong><\/em><br>Similarly, you can copy the entire grid to the Windows Clipboard as well as paste previously copied data, for example, from a spreadsheet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Discharge Data<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Discharge Method<\/strong><br>Select the discharge method from the drop-down list box. You can develop flows by specifying:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Range of depths with user-defined number of increments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Known Q<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Known depth<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set of user-defined flows<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q vs. Depth<\/strong><br>For Q vs Depth, enter the number of increments or depth values to be used for the Rating table. The default value is 10. The total cannot exceed 100. For example, if the Total Depth is 5 and the Increments = 10, Studio Express will compute Q\u2019s for each 5\/10 or every 0.5 feet of depth. The Results Grid will populate with 10 rows beginning at 0.5 feet up to 5.0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Known Flow Rate<\/strong><br>Enter a known flow rate and Studio Express will compute a corresponding normal depth. Use this option when invoking design functions described above.<\/p>\n\n\n    \t\t<div class=\"hts-messages hts-messages--info  hts-messages--withtitle  \"   >\r\n    \t\t\t<span class=\"hts-messages__title\">Insert a Q from Hydrology!<\/span>    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\t<p>\r\n    \t\t\t\t\tEnter zero and the software will insert the peak Q from the current hydrograph in the Hydrology task.     \t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n    \t\t\t    \t\t\t\r\n    \t\t<\/div><!-- \/.ht-shortcodes-messages -->\r\n    \t\t\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Known Depth<\/strong><br>Enter a known depth and Studio Express will compute a corresponding discharge. This value must be &lt;= Total Depth, Diameter or Rise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>User-Defined Flows<\/strong><br>This method allows you to enter a custom set of up to ten unique Q&#8217;s. These may, for example, correspond to flows previously determined. Data can also be copied and pasted by right-clicking on the table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"486\" height=\"361\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/UserDefQsScreen.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-340\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/UserDefQsScreen.png 486w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/UserDefQsScreen-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/UserDefQsScreen-50x37.png 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/UserDefQsScreen-60x45.png 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/UserDefQsScreen-100x74.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 486px) 100vw, 486px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Computing Results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Once you&#8217;ve entered your data, click the [Compute] button at the bottom of the input grid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"301\" height=\"41\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ComputeClearButs.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ComputeClearButs.png 301w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ComputeClearButs-300x41.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ComputeClearButs-50x7.png 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ComputeClearButs-60x8.png 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/ComputeClearButs-100x14.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Studio Express will first do a data check to make sure the inputs are okay. You&#8217;ll then be presented with the results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can clear the data from the input grid by using the [Clear] button.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Plot Options<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><span style=\"display: inline !important; float: none; background-color: transparent; color: #595959; cursor: text; font-family: 'Open Sans','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;\">Once the results have been computed, you&#8217;ll have a variety of ways to view them. You can plot sections or a Rating Curve. Sections and Rating Curves are selected using the toggle buttons at the top left of the canvas.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"182\" height=\"40\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurveBut.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurveBut.png 182w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurveBut-50x11.png 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurveBut-60x13.png 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurveBut-100x22.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 182px) 100vw, 182px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-397 size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve-1024x388.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-397\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve-1024x388.png 1024w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve-768x291.png 768w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve-50x19.png 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve-60x23.png 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve-100x38.png 100w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/RatingCurve.png 1241w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pipes have a higher capacity at less than full depth<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Finding Full-Flow Capacity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Studio Express can provide flows throughout a range of incremental depths or can simply compute the flow at full depth. In both cases you will get the resulting &#8220;Full Flow Capacity&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It&#8217;s important to note that closed pipes can convey more flow at depths slightly less than full. The rating curve above indicates that a 36-inch circular pipe has a full flow (full depth) capacity of 51.10 cfs but it can carry 54.45 cfs at only 32.4 inches of depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-398 size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"449\" height=\"455\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/PipeLessThanFull.png\" alt=\"Full flow capcity of a pipe\" class=\"wp-image-398\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/PipeLessThanFull.png 449w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/PipeLessThanFull-296x300.png 296w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/PipeLessThanFull-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/PipeLessThanFull-60x60.png 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/PipeLessThanFull-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 449px) 100vw, 449px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Pipes have a higher capacity at less than full depth<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As one can easily observe, the wetted perimeter (Wp) increases disproportionately with increasing cross-sectional area near the top. This increase in Wp decreases the R term in Manning&#8217;s equation as shown below, thus decreasing the flow capacity at full depth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"173\" height=\"60\" src=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/EqMannings.jpg\" alt=\"Manning's Equation\" class=\"wp-image-399\" srcset=\"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/EqMannings.jpg 173w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/EqMannings-50x17.jpg 50w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/EqMannings-60x21.jpg 60w, https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/6\/2018\/05\/EqMannings-100x35.jpg 100w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 173px) 100vw, 173px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This task allows you to model single open channels and closed pipe sections, with a variety of shapes and configurations. Quickly find the full-flow capacity as well as other flows through a range of depths. It provides graphs, grid-style numerical outputs, a rating table and formal printed reports. Studio Express&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"ht-kb-category":[18],"ht-kb-tag":[],"class_list":["post-317","ht_kb","type-ht_kb","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","ht_kb_category-channels-pipes"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb\/317","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/ht_kb"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=317"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb\/317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1161,"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb\/317\/revisions\/1161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"ht_kb_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb-category?post=317"},{"taxonomy":"ht_kb_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/learn.hydrologystudio.com\/studio-express\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ht-kb-tag?post=317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}